Freedom is one of the major themes of democracy. Freedom is a basic principle or mother value in every SOCIETY, which causes the reproduction of two other remarkable themes in democracy: a. Appearance of awareness on fundamental political rights in all or at least most of the people.b. Establishment of necessary social and political structures to administer the right of participation of all people in the administration of public affairs. The nature of democracy becomes more evident in the course of the history by studying its existing practical forms which have led to the establishment of the most modern democratic systems in the advanced industrial societies of today. Whereas the advanced industrial societies have different social and political forms, the democratic systems too, follow these forms to establish different kinds of democracy.In view of the various interpretations of the CIVIL SOCIETY, two major interpretations are initially introduced so that definition and description of the subject are made on their bases. These interpretations,(a) limited and (b) broad, have been developed from the point of view of social and political theorists, each enjoying strong foundations in the social and political literatures. Hence, the re-proposition of the CIVIL SOCIETY and drawing attention toward its concept has objective and universal reasons, whose introduction and description seem to be useful for recognition of "justification" of this issue.In summing up the topics, the interlacing of necessary pre-requisites for the implementation and functioning of a democracy with features and characteristics of the CIVIL SOCIETY have been shown more clearly, and stress is placed on their mutual interaction. We come to the final message after a brief discussion, that is, in view of the present developments in the social and political currents of our time, "cultural relativity" is gradually taking the place of "cultural reasonability”.

The subject of CIVIL SOCIETY and its relation to city life has been flourished particualarly duriny the last four decades of the twenty century. This has emerged after the universal experience on «Modernism» in city, city planning, architecture and city architecture. With this regard, in spite of that CIVIL life, urban SOCIETY and urban space can be reffered to the «Ronesance" period -The seventeenth century-and even its roots can be found in the Greec school of taught, but the CIVIL SOCIETY and city life in the «post modern» and «post post modern» societies and defined differently from the Ronesance definitions. This paper aims to analyse the definition of CIVIL SOCIETY and city life in post modern SOCIETY and its relation to city and city planning.

CIVIL SOCIETY and democracy still remain as the most important characteristics of many countries in the contemporary world. CIVIL SOCIETY consists of a range of none-governmental institutions that can impose powerful influence on the state. The key research question in the present analysis refers to how the concept of CIVIL SOCIETY has been represented in the press of Iran. The analysis focuses on the press of two main political parties in Iran: Reformists and Fundamentalists. Generally speaking, the research findings of the present analysis indicate that the representation of CIVIL SOCIETY in the press occurs through its three main components: state, citizenship, social participation. This general pattern applies similarly to the newspapers of both reformists and fundamentalists. However, more detailed analysis explores that this common pattern has been represented differently in the press of these two main parties: on the one hand, the representation of the concept of CIVIL SOCIETY in the reformist newspapers is significantly connected with democratic measures and public regulation. On the other hand, religious measures play a more evident predominant role in the representation of the concept of CIVIL SOCIETY in the fundamentalist newspapers, leading to the creation of a religious term for CIVIL SOCIETY so-called ‘Madianatol-Nabi’ (the city of the Prophet Mohammad). Finally, political discourse also imposes a powerful influence on the representation of these key concept and term in both reformist and fundamentalist press.

Nowadays world is moving toward scientific, technologic, cultural, economic and social advancement. The method of this research in terms of purpose is practical (applied) and data gathering is descriptive and correlation type. The research population includes all producers of television program and communication experts. Questionnaires were used for data collecting. Face and content -related validity was obtained by using the available sources and connoisseurs’ opinions and their validity through tentative execution and calculation of Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was equal to 79%. The present article attempts to study the role of television for reaching to development. The issue of development may be studied with respect to several aspects, in which the present research deals with studying CIVIL aspect of television. Among several media, the television is regarded as all inclusive and widely influencing media.

The aim of this paper is to conduct a sociological analysis on the Arab approaches to the question of CIVIL SOCIETY. It is a documentary study based on the literature of CIVIL SOCIETY. The study initially seeks to present an overview of the essential issues concerning the possibility of realization of CIVIL SOCIETY in the Moslem Arab countries of the Middle East. In conducting the analysis, the paper first exposes main questions that the Western social thinkers frequently ask when the subject of CIVIL SOCIETY comes under discussion. Then, the author presents an analysis of the native Arab approaches that attempt to answer these questions as discussed by the Western social thinkers. All these approaches can be said to be striving to explain the ambiguities that have come to appear in the literature. The non-Arab perspective supposedly recognizes the CIVIL SOCIETY as a feature of the modern Western SOCIETY. In this view, the realization of CIVIL SOCIETY in the Moslem Arab countries is impossible for a variety of reasons. A summary of such reasons can be summed up as: the alleged paradoxical, or contradictory relationship between Islam and democracy; predominance of a hierarchal social structure in the Arab world; weakness of SOCIETY versus power of religion and the state; and mere survival of the absolute state in these societies. In contrast to the non-native approach, there are three other perspectives adopted toward an exposition of the Arab CIVIL SOCIETY in the Moslem Arab countries; we call these perspectives Islamic, Liberal and Socialist ones. Although none of these is in accord with the Western model of CIVIL SOCIETY in all its dimensions, yet a negation of the Western model is not attempted either. On the contrary, these perspectives, declare the necessity and possibility of an Arab CIVIL SOCIETY due to extensive social and political changes in the Moslem Arab societies, changes that have occurred in the recent decades.

Totalitarian political systems in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe destroyed and repressed the CIVIL SOCIETY that used to exist in them. The auhoriatarian and totalitarian ethos was formed under a powerful influence of ideologies of the communist parties and politocarcy in these countries so that the political ethos of politicians dominated the political ethos of the citizen. The breakdown of the real socialism and its unsuccessful attempts to complete accelerated liberal modernization of these societies caused turbulence of social values in addition to the general moral chaos. The moral crisis has deepened; anomie increased as well as the SOCIETY"s inclination to commit crime. This makes difficult the creation of the cultural matrix of the CIVIL SOCIETY and its moral value. The liberation and development of the political ethos of the CIVIL SOCIETY as an element of the democratic political culture require structural and mental changes in these societies. They imply abandoning the value matrices of the traditional and political societies based upon collectivism, trbalism, authoritarianism, egalitarianism, ethnocentrism, etatisme and mythologization ofthe past. They require the use of the citizen"s active potential as well as that of their associations, their readiness for political commitment, self-initiative, respect of the general interest and a courageous defense of freedom and social justice.

This article is offers a sociological analysis on the role of CIVIL SOCIETY in democratic consolidation. As the third phase in democratization process, democratic consolidation is considered the precondition for its successfulness. The Cosolidology studies are part of democratization literature which focus on democratic consolidation experience, its conditions and influent factors, as well as study of how democracy can be realized and completed in new emerging democracies. The special experience of Eastern Europe and Latin America in their democratization and democratic consolidation process brought about significant attention of academic researches to the role, contribution and impacts of CIVIL SOCIETY in democratic consolidation. The significant expansion of CIVIL SOCIETY organization in different levels and various areas, displays the necessity of addressing to potentials of CIVIL SOCIETY in paying the way of transition to democratic consolidation. In this regard, present article after a review on theoretical arguments on CIVIL SOCIETY and democratic consolidation, will focus on CIVIL SOCIETY impacts on consolidation of democracy, in terms of CIVIL SOCIETY relation with state, internal structure of CIVIL SOCIETY organization, effects of international and external factors.

Today, the world is in progress in all fields such as scientific, technological, cultural, economic, social and… In the present world leading SOCIETY towards modern SOCIETY is considered an important factor. One of the factors that will propel the country towards development is the concept of CIVIL SOCIETY and the media are a tool that can contribute to SOCIETY in its development. CIVIL SOCIETY is one of the social relationships, including institutions that are aligned in thought and purpose, and are working in the form of parties and unions, causing that government is not intrusive. In fact, they are influential in politics and involved in all political decisions and policies.The article studied the role of television in development. Development can be studied from different aspects which in fact, this research has only considered the CIVIL SOCIETY as one of its factors. The research finding showed that with the media Relief and assistance, the community can be achieved some development indicators. It also emphasized the role of television as the pervasive and influential media.

Good governance is a newly-introduced concept which has grown as a subject in the field of management and development literature. It has offered precise indices in managerial modification. In this paper, Good governance goes beyond its usual sense which encompasses some characteristics of governments. Here Good governance is considered to derive from mutual relation and interaction between government and non-governmental organizations, private sectors of military organization, influential institutes and groups being linked through media. Therefore, Good governance is a network of interactors (actors) in CIVIL SOCIETY which bring about improvement and development to the SOCIETY.